Impact of material gradation on necking patterns in functionally graded ductile bars
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This study presents a comparison between linear perturbation analysis and finite element simulations to investigate the emergence and evolution of instabilities in bars with functionally graded properties subjected to dynamic tensile loading. Building upon the seminal work of [1], the linear perturbation analysis is performed within a one-dimensional framework, while finite element simulations are carried out in Abaqus Explicit [2] using a slender bar model. In both cases, the plastic properties of the material are varied along the longitudinal direction according to different distributions. Both approaches account for large deformations, geometric softening, and hydrostatic pressure effects. The impact of varying material gradations is examined across a strain rate range from 104 s−1 to 107 s−1. The results from both methods are compared, revealing the development of a dominant necking pattern, with its evolution strongly influenced by strain rate and material grading.
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