This study investigates the effects of neutron irradiation on nanocrystalline anatase (TiO₂) using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, complemented by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Neutron irradiation at doses of 1.6×10¹⁵, 8×10¹⁵, 4×10¹⁶, and 2×10¹⁷ n/cm² was applied, inducing the transmutation of titanium (Ti) atoms into vanadium (V) through neutron capture and subsequent beta decay. The EPR analysis identified vanadium-related paramagnetic centers, characterized by distinct g-factors and hyperfine splitting parameters, which confirmed the formation of V⁴⁺ and V⁵⁺ oxidation states. These centers emerged alongside irradiation-induced defects, including oxygen and titanium vacancies, significantly altering the defect landscape of the anatase lattice. The intensity of EPR signals diminished with increasing neutron dose, reflecting the impact of newly formed isotopes and their interaction with the surrounding lattice. FTIR spectroscopy corroborated the presence of vanadium isotopes, revealing characteristic vibrational modes associated with V atoms. The introduction of vanadium into the anatase lattice significantly influenced its properties, including the formation of new electronic states that modified the material's photocatalytic activity, optical absorption, and electrical conductivity. Enhanced photocatalytic performance was observed due to the role of V⁴⁺ as active sites for charge separation, while modified optical properties extended absorption into the visible spectrum. Additionally, donor levels introduced by V⁴⁺ and V⁵⁺ increased n-type conductivity, offering potential for applications in sensors and photoelectrochemical devices. While the transmutation of Ti to V enhances material properties, challenges such as controlling vanadium concentration and distribution were noted, as excessive vanadium can lead to defect clustering and structural instability. Fine-tuning neutron flux, dose, and energy, as well as employing post-irradiation annealing, were identified as critical strategies for optimizing material performance while mitigating adverse effects. The findings provide significant insights into the transmutation process, highlighting its potential to modify TiO₂ for advanced photocatalytic applications and the development of radiation-resistant materials. These results establish a foundation for leveraging neutron irradiation to engineer materials with tailored properties for energy and environmental applicatio