Textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) systems have shown considerable potential for strengthening and repairing heat-damaged structures. This study investigates the effectiveness of TRC jackets in repairing concrete structures (i.e., cylinders and beams) exposed to various elevated temperatures and different numbers of TRC textile layers (i.e., 0, 2, and 4). A comprehensive analysis was performed on key parameters, including failure modes, stress-strain response, ultimate strength, and strains. The results showed that the ultimate load of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with TRC jackets increased by a maximum of 19% compared to unstrengthened beams. For concrete cylinders, the presence of TRC jackets significantly enhanced compressive strength, ultimate axial strain, and energy dissipation, both at room temperature and after high-temperature treatments. Furthermore, this paper proposes an innovative model for estimating the residual strength of TRC-confined elements after exposure to various temperatures, which closely aligns with experimental test results.